Wasit Journal of Sports Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that contributes to the continuous professional development of sports sciences. It is a quarterly journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports sciences for scientific publishing purposes. Issued by the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Wasit. Founded in (2020). The first issue was published in October (2020) and consists of (10) papers.
كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة/جامعة واسط
"The Effect of High-Intensity Cluster Training on Improving the Effectiveness of Rebound Jumping in Handball Players"
Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the effect of high-intensity cluster training on improving the effectiveness of reactive jumping among junior handball players. This was done by analyzing a set of physical indicators, most notably the Reactive Strength Index (RSI), which is considered a key criterion for evaluating performance efficiency in reactive jumps. The sample consisted of 16 junior players, randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (8 players) who underwent a training program using high-intensity cluster training, and a control group (8 players) who followed a traditional training program. Pre-tests were conducted to ensure homogeneity of the sample in terms of chronological age, training age, height, and weight. Then, specific physical tests were applied, including reactive jump distance (cm), 30-meter sprint time (s), ground contact time during the reactive jump (s), and RSI (index), using 2D video analysis. The results showed significant improvement in the experimental group between pre- and post-tests across all studied variables—particularly in increased jump distance, reduced contact time, and improved RSI—compared to the control group, which did not show statistically significant differences. These findings highlight the effectiveness of high-intensity cluster training in developing explosive strength, speed, and reactive characteristics, making it an ideal approach to enhance jump performance in youth handball players.
Cluster training, reactive jump, handball.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. فراس قحطان رجب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Kinetic Transfer of Force During the Performance of the Forehand Stroke in Ground Tennis (Case Study)"
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze and investigate the kinetic chain and force transmission during the forehand stroke in tennis, through a case study of six attempts focusing on quantifying the force generated by various body segments during the sequential transfer of energy from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs across the stroke phases. Three-dimensional cameras were used to record 18 forehand stroke attempts, from which the best six were selected and analyzed using the MaxTRAQ software. A 3D scale reference was captured during filming, and the cameras were set to a frequency of 120 frames per second. The results of the study revealed a clear distinction between the preparatory and main phases of the forehand stroke, as the ball’s horizontal velocity increased from 14.59 m/s to 47.63 m/s, reflecting the effective transmission of force from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs. The force exerted by the right palm showed a perfect correlation with the resultant velocity (1.000), while certain angles, such as the right shoulder angle, had a minimal effect. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of coordination between angles, forces, and biomechanical accelerations to achieve effective technical performance. This suggests the need for specialized training to enhance this interaction and improve the efficiency of the forehand stroke in tennis.
م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of a (Cross Fit) style training program on a number of physical variables and the special performance of young futsal players
The importance of the current research lies in examining the effect of Cross Fit exercises on developing a number of physical attributes and special performances of young futsal players in the experimental group. The significance of the current research lies in studying the impact of CrossFit exercises on several physical attributes and the specific performance of youth futsal players. This study aims to identify the effect of a training program based on the "CrossFit" method on a set of physical variables and the level of specific performance among youth futsal players. The researcher utilized the experimental method on a sample of players, applying a series of CrossFit exercises characterized by high intensity and variety (such as strength training, gymnastics, and aerobic endurance). The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests, regarding the physical variables, in addition to a noticeable development in specific skill performance. The study concluded that integrating the CrossFit method into training curricula contributes effectively to preparing players physically and technically in a way that matches the rapid play requirements of futsal.
Cross Fit exercises, physical variables, special performance
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د علي محمود خليل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
''Some motor skills and their relationship to the accuracy of performing the volleyball spike skill for players of the specialized center in Wasit Governorate''
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the relationship between certain motor abilities and the accuracy of the volleyball spike skill performed by players at the specialized center in Wasit . The training phase for these motor abilities is crucial and requires specific exercises to develop them, particularly those related to the accuracy of the volleyball spike. This saves time and effort and serves as an effective teaching method for coaches to achieve optimal results. Based on the researcher's experience in volleyball and his observation of tournaments organized by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, he noted that many coaches do not consider modern methods and techniques in developing motor abilities. This observation formed the core of the research problem, which dictated the appropriate methodology for finding suitable solutions. The researcher employed a descriptive survey approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the study. Among the key findings was a strong correlation between motor abilities and the accuracy of volleyball skill performance, demonstrated by the presence of significant relationships between them. The achievement of high levels in motor abilities (reaction speed, agility, and flexibility) by the players at the specialized volleyball center, coupled with their accurate performance in the spike skill, led to a significant correlation between these abilities and the overall performance.
Motor abilities, accuracy of performing the spike skill, players of the specialized volleyball center
م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using the Cosgrove model and its effect on some basic football skills for middle school students
The importance of this research lies in offering a scientific and effective alternative to traditional methods of teaching basic football skills. This is achieved by employing the Cosgrove model, which contributes to improving the skill performance of middle school students. The research aimed to identify the impact of using the Cosgrove model on learning some basic football skills (passing, dribbling, and shooting) among middle school students. The researchers targeted a specific research population consisting of 290 students in grades 4, 5, and 6 at Al-Ithar High School in Al-Rifai district. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling. It consisted of 32 students from the fifth grade (C) class. Four students were initially selected for a pilot study, and two were excluded due to their lack of readiness for physical education classes. This resulted in a final sample of 26 students, representing the experimental group. The sample size constituted 8.96% of the total research population. The researchers concluded that the use of the Kuscroft model significantly improved the basic football skills of middle school students.
Kuscroft model, basic skills, football. .
م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله
م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر
Copyright (c) 2026 م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله، م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-management and its relationship to job performance efficiency among physical education teachers in the center of Maysan Governorate
This research aims to determine the level of self-management and job performance efficiency among physical education teachers in the center of Maysan Governorate, as well as to reveal the nature of the correlation between the two variables. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem and its goals. The research population consisted of physical education teachers working in schools in the center of Maysan Governorate, while the study sample comprised (90) teachers selected using appropriate methods. The research instruments consisted of a self-management scale and a job performance efficiency scale, each consisting of (30) items according to a five-point Likert scale. Both scales underwent validation and reliability testing to ensure their scientific soundness before being administered to the sample. The results indicated that physical education teachers possessed a high level of self-management and a high level of job performance efficiency, with the mean scores significantly exceeding the hypothetical mean scores. The arithmetic means were significantly higher than the hypothetical means. The results also showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, indicating that developing self-management contributes to enhancing the job performance of physical education teachers.
Self-management, job performance efficiency, physical education teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مهدي سيد عطية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using virtual reality tools in learning and training floor gymnastics
This research aims to identify the impact of using virtual reality technology on learning and training floor gymnastics skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The importance of this research lies in the rapid development of modern technologies, particularly virtual reality, which has become an effective educational and training tool in the sports field, providing an interactive training environment capable of accurately simulating motor performance. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the study. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (80) students. The researcher used a set of tests to measure the impact of using virtual reality on learning floor gymnastics skills. These tests included an evaluation of the technical performance of the floor movement sequence, a skill acquisition time test, and a mental imagery test. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and paired-samples t-test were calculated. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test, favoring the post-test, across all variables under investigation. This indicates the effectiveness of using virtual reality technology in improving technical performance, reducing the time required to learn skills, and developing students' mental-motor visualization abilities.
Virtual reality, learning, floor gymnastics
أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م اثير حمزة جيجان، أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of the Supplement (Centrum Energy) Accompanying the Training Programme on Certain Biochemical Variables and Anaerobic Capacity in Advanced Basketball Players
Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of using the Centrum Energy dietary supplement, alongside a training programme, on certain biochemical variables (potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels, as well as vitamins B6 and B12) and anaerobic capacity in advanced basketball players. Methods: The experimental method was adopted. The researchers divided the research sample, which consisted of 16 players from the Al-Mustansiriya University national basketball team, into two groups: Experimental Group One: Received a placebo alongside the training programme. Experimental Group Two: Received the Centrum Energy dietary supplement alongside the training programme. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with pre-tests and post-tests conducted to measure the biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity using the Monarck test. Results: After conducting the pre-tests and post-tests, the data were statistically analysed. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in all biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity in Experimental Group Two, which received the dietary supplement. Experimental Group One showed no statistically significant improvement in the aforementioned variables. Furthermore, the differences between the two groups in the post-test measurements were statistically significant in favour of the second group.
supplements, Centrum Energy, biochemical variables, anaerobic capacity, basketball, sports training.
م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم
Copyright (c) 2026 أحمد العامري، م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of interdisciplinary and reciprocal training methods in developing physiological responses among fourth-year football students
The current research aims to identify the role of intermingled and reciprocal training methods in developing physiological responses (heart rate, aerobic and anaerobic capacities) among fourth-stage football students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher employed an experimental approach on a sample of (30) students, randomly divided into three equivalent groups (ten students each). The first group applied the reciprocal training method, the second used the intermingled training method, while the third (control) group followed the traditional curriculum. The training program lasted for (4) weeks, consisting of (12) training sessions. Statistical results, following physiological tests (Foster test, vertical jump, and running in place), showed a significant improvement in the two experimental groups compared to the control group, with a clear statistical preference for the intermingled training method in enhancing overall functional efficiency. The study concluded that the organized diversification of physical loads within a single session accelerates physiological adaptation processes. It recommended the necessity of adopting the intermingled training method within educational and training curricula and updating the football course content to keep pace with modern methods for developing functional systems.
Intermingled Training, Reciprocal Training, Physiological Responses, Football
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م رسل سلام جابر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of blended learning on learning some basic football skills
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the blended learning approach on learning some basic football skills among middle school students. The experimental method was used with a pre-test and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of (50) middle school students, who were randomly divided into two groups of (25) students each. The experimental group was taught using a blended learning program, while the control group was taught using the traditional teaching method in physical education classes.The educational program was applied for eight weeks, with two instructional units per week, each lasting (45) minutes. Several skill tests were used to assess the level of learning of basic football skills, including ball control, short passing, dribbling, and shooting at goal. The collected data were statistically analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests.The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for both groups in favor of the post-test, as well as significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in all post-test skill variables. The study concluded that the blended learning approach is an effective teaching method for improving the learning of basic football skills among middle school students.
Blended Learning, Football, Basic Skills, Physical Education, Middle School.
م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع
م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه
Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع، م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Blended Learning Strategy on Improving Technical Performance in Discus Throw for Female Students during Physical Education Lessons
Abstract The study aimed to identify the impact of the blended learning strategy on improving the technical performance of the discus throw for female students. The experimental method, with a two-group design (experimental and control), was employed due to its suitability for the research objectives. The study sample consisted of a group of female students, where the experimental group followed an educational program that integrated on-field practical instruction with interactive electronic media (analytical videos and learning platforms), while the control group continued with the traditional method. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in the level of mastery of the technical stages of the discus throw (from the ready position to the release). The researchers concluded that blended learning contributed to providing continuous visual feedback, which helped the students overcome common technical errors and develop the required motor coordination.
Blended Learning, Technical Performance, Discus Throw, Physical Education.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م عذراء حسين شاعل، م. حسين علك فليح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Anaerobic Exercises Using Different Game Situations on Some Complex Physical Abilities of Junior Handball Players
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of anaerobic exercises using different game situations on some complex physical abilities of junior handball players. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) junior handball players who were randomly divided into two equal groups, with (12) players in each group. The experimental group applied an anaerobic training program using small-sided game situations, while the control group continued with the regular training program followed by the coach. The training program lasted for (8) weeks with (3) training units per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the tests of complex physical abilities and the effectiveness of offensive performance. The researcher concluded that the use of anaerobic exercises through different game situations is an effective method for developing physical and offensive skill performance among junior handball players.
Anaerobic Exercises , Physical Abilities , Handball
مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله
Copyright (c) 2025 مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motor performance anxiety and its relationship to shooting accuracy from high jumps among Al-Rumaytha handball club's junior players
The present study aimed to identify the relationship between motor performance anxiety and the accuracy of jump shooting among junior players of Al-Rumaitha Handball Club during the sports season (2024–2025). The importance of this study lies in highlighting the role of psychological factors, particularly anxiety, in influencing the performance of fundamental skills in handball. Psychological readiness is considered an essential component alongside physical, technical, and tactical preparation, especially for junior players who are more susceptible to emotional and psychological pressures during competitions. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey and correlational method, as it is suitable for identifying relationships between variables without manipulating them. The study sample consisted of (20) junior players from Al-Rumaitha Handball Club, who were selected intentionally to represent the research population. The players were relatively homogeneous in terms of training background and competitive experience, which helped ensure consistency in the results. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used two main tools: a jump shooting accuracy test and a motor performance anxiety questionnaire consisting of (26) items. The shooting accuracy test was designed to measure the players’ ability to perform jump shots accurately toward specified target areas in the goal. Meanwhile, the anxiety questionnaire was administered to assess the level of motor performance anxiety experienced by the players prior to competition. The data collected were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient.The results revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between motor performance anxiety and jump shooting accuracy. The findings indicated that players with higher levels of anxiety demonstrated lower shooting accuracy, whereas players with lower anxiety levels achieved better performance in jump shooting. These results confirm that psychological factors, particularly anxiety, play an important role in determining the level of skill performance among junior handball players. The study concluded that reducing motor performance anxiety can contribute to improving the accuracy of jump shooting and overall performance in handball. Therefore.
Motor Performance Anxiety, Jump Shooting Accuracy, Handball, Junior Players, Psychological Preparation.
عمار جميل عبد الحسين عمار جميل عبد الحسين
Copyright (c) 2026 عمار جميل عبد الحسين، مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Motor Educational Based on the Stevens Model on Improving Agility, Balance, and the Skill of Heading the Ball in Football among Students
This study aims to investigate the effect of motor educational exercises based on the Stevens model on improving agility, balance, and the skill of heading the ball in football among students. The research problem emerged from field observations showing students’ weakness in some motor abilities, in addition to a clear deficiency in mastering the skill of heading the ball in football. This highlighted the need to employ a modern educational model to address this deficiency. The researchers adopted the experimental method using the equivalent groups design. The study population consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year 2020. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling from two classes, after excluding a number of students for irregular attendance. The researchers concluded that employing motor educational exercises according to the Stevens model is effective in developing motor abilities, improving agility and balance, and enhancing the learning of the skill of heading the ball in football among students. Consequently, it is recommended to adopt the Stevens model in football teaching methods within the curricula of colleges of physical education and sport sciences .
Keywords: Motor Educational, Stevens Model, Agility, Balance, Heading the Ball Skill
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د علي محسن ديري، ا.م.د علي حميد جبيل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of use of exercises accompanied by the accompanied by the electrical treatment and water baths to qualify forcending roughness of women's aggression (40-45 years) LED
Extractor Health and water treatment Tea tightening the modern flag in the reservoir to the use of maji treatment from hot and cold bathrooms For her positive impact on his healing in the various injury, as well as his psychological psychological and water rewind of the water on the muscles and joints without negative impact on them The detonated one of the joint joint in the body is exposed to several injuries with the age of the age as a result of the daily business and the permanent detailed movement It is the detailed distinction features that he works on the body's body and its loss like walking, ring, sitting, standing and notice of the detailed or the extent of the faith will lead to the morality of the movement The Lakestock Stage is a warning to start the bug in the separatist, and the beginning of the cartilage and when they are exacerbated to the sophistications difficult to treat in the late checks. When seeing some infected situations in therapeutic centers, the researcher found that the use of therapeutic means or electricity, and the use of the water show in the therapeutic center by the women's researchers Where the demographic design of the group has used the administered and armed measurements for its eyes (7) the ages between the ages (40-45) and the reason for the essence of physiological changes this age Research has reached the electricity of electricity and operation with the use of the conduct of tract exercises and exercises at three times as a weekly tournament and exercise and a debate in the bathrooms And you are to improve the motor levels, muscle force and muscles associated with the knee separator.
Exercise, Rehabilitation, Electrotherapy
ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد
ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين
أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد، ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين، أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Special Exercises Combined with NMES Electrical Stimulation on the Development of Physical Abilities and Selected Physiological Variables in Fencers
Physical training constitutes the foundation of the coaching process through its various methods, owing to its effectiveness in developing specific muscle groups that can be targeted and isolated, particularly in individual sports. This is especially crucial given the significant exertion athletes endure and the full duration of matches or bouts, which amplifies the physical strain placed upon them. The research problem was identified through the researcher's observation of several clubs in Wasit Governorate, collaboration with coaching staffs, and analysis of matches held within the governorate. It was noted that training programs are largely confined to rehabilitation protocols or the use of physiotherapy modalities, leading to numerous issues for fencers, including injuries, fatigue, and significant joint restrictions. Furthermore, a deficiency in general physical fitness components was observed, compounded by pain experienced by athletes during training or competitions. This weakness may also stem from a lack of focus in the exercises administered within the training units provided by the coaching staff. Therefore, this study aimed to develop therapeutic rehabilitation programs incorporating modern training modalities, such as electrical stimulation, and to observe their impact on the physical and functional efficiency of fencers. The research aimed to investigate the effect of exercises combined with (therapeutic) electrical stimulation and selected therapeutic modalities on: the physical variables of fencers, and the physiological variables of fencers. One of the most prominent findings was the effectiveness of exercises combined with NMES electrical stimulation in developing physical abilities and selected physiological variables in fencers.
Electrical Stimulation, Physical Abilities, Physiological Variables, Fencing, Physiological Adaptation.
م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of physical education teachers in spreading environmental awareness among middle school students
The study aimed to assess how effectively physical education (PE) teachers contribute to fostering environmental awareness among intermediate school students. The research focuses on evaluating their influence in shaping positive environmental attitudes and identifying strengths and weaknesses in their role, with the goal of improving their contribution to sustainable environmental education. A descriptive survey method was used, which is appropriate for observing educational phenomena. The study was conducted in the city center of Al-Kut during the academic year 2024–2025. The target population included 400 students, from which a purposive sample of 104 students (26%) was selected. Data was collected using a 16-item closed-ended questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree). The tool’s validity was ensured through expert review and construct validity, while reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method, The study found that PE teachers demonstrated varying levels of environmental awareness. It also concluded that physical education lessons require a specialized curriculum to integrate environmental awareness effectively into sports activities.
Environmental awareness, sports activities
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م حسن عليوي عباس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study of skill performance during practical lectures and the semester skill achievement test for some offensive handball skills among second-year students
The research problem was determined by the impact of skill performance on many psychological pressures that impose their negative effects on the physical education student and thus affect his performance in the practical exams. The question here is: Is there a difference in performance in lectures than in the practical exam?،The aim of this study to compare skill performance during lecture and during practical exams in some offensive skills in handball.The researchers assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the student's grade during the lecture and the student's grade during the practical exam.The researchers used the descriptive method on a sample of 15 students who were chosen randomly. As for the research population, it consisted of students in the second stage of the study who were chosen intentionally because this stage of study teaches the basic skills of handball according to the prescribed curriculum.The researchers concluded the result of the study that the skill performance in the practical lectures was better than the performance in the practical exams due to the psychological pressure and anxiety accompanying the student during the practical exam.The researchers recommend relieving the pressure on students during exams by giving more than one attempt to perform, as well as giving the student the opportunity to perform a complete warm-up.
م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Specific Exercises on Developing Coordinative Ability and Learning the Skills of Setting and Serving in Volleyball
The present study aimed to design specific exercises to develop the coordinative ability of volleyball players and to identify the effect of these exercises on developing coordinative ability. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, for the academic year (2025–2026). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with (12) students in each group. Specific exercises were employed to develop coordinative ability and to facilitate learning the skills of setting and serving in volleyball. Equivalence and homogeneity were established among the research sample members before conducting the experiment.An instructional program related to the educational content was prepared and implemented over a period of (8) weeks. The duration of each instructional unit was (90) minutes throughout the experimental period. The experimental program commenced on Monday, 16/10/2024. After completing the prescribed instructional curriculum, the post-test was administered. For statistical analysis, the researcher utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS(
Specific exercises, coordination, setting, serving, volleyball
ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Vibration Training on Pain Reduction and Functional Efficiency in Football Players with Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among football players and represents a major challenge to athletic performance and functional efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a vibration training–based rehabilitation program on pain reduction and functional efficiency improvement in football players suffering from non-specific low back pain. A pre–post experimental design was employed involving a single experimental group. The study sample consisted of twelve male football players diagnosed with non-specific low back pain, purposefully selected from a specialized rehabilitation center. Participants underwent a six-week rehabilitation program based on whole-body vibration training, with three sessions per week. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), lumbar spine flexibility measured by the Schober test, back muscle strength assessed using a dynamometer, and dynamic balance evaluated by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity following the intervention (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in all functional efficiency indicators, including lumbar flexibility, back muscle strength, and dynamic balance for both lower limbs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that vibration training effectively enhances neuromuscular activation, spinal stability, and functional performance while alleviating pain symptoms. In conclusion, vibration training represents an effective and safe rehabilitation modality for reducing pain and improving functional efficiency in football players with non-specific low back pain. Incorporating vibration-based exercises into rehabilitation and preventive programs may facilitate a faster and safer return to sport while reducing the risk of recurrent low back injuries.
Vibration training, Non-specific low back pain, Functional efficiency, Football players.
ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن، م.د نداء فليح حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Educational Units Based on the Lorsbach Model on Developing Certain Physical Variables and Shot Put Achievement for Students
The researcher, being interested in the Shot Put event and through his review of the educational units at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Wasit, observed a difficulty in the skillful performance among a large number of students. They have not reached the required technical level in performing the Shot Put event despite repeated practice, instructions, and feedback from the instructor. The researcher attributes this to the complexity of the event’s performance and the deficiency in employing diverse teaching strategies and models. Furthermore, shifting the roles and duties of both learners and teachers within the Lorsbach model may yield better learning outcomes for the technical performance of this event, while adding a new role for the subject instructor based on the Constructivist Theory. Therefore, the researcher decided to experiment with the Lorsbach model to develop certain physical variables and the achievement of the Shot Put event for students. The research aims to: Prepare educational units according to the Lorsbach model for the Shot Put event. Identify the impact of the Lorsbach model on developing specific physical variables and the achievement of the Shot Put event for students. The researcher concluded that: The applied Lorsbach model (Experimental Group) and the traditional method used by the instructor (Control Group) both had a positive impact on developing physical variables and Shot Put achievement. However, the Lorsbach model significantly increased students' motivation and desire, encouraging them to exert more effort toward achieving correct technical performance."
Lorsbach model, physical variables, weight-pushing activity.
م.م محمد جبران عبد الصاحب م.م محمد جبران عبد الصاحب
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م محمد جبران عبد الصاحب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of special exercises using (auditory-visual) stimuli on developing reaction speed and catching rolling ground balls for young football goalkeepers
This research aims to develop specific training exercises using auditory-visual stimuli and apply them to young football goalkeepers to determine their effect on improving reaction speed and catching rolling ground balls. To achieve this objective, the researchers employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) using pre- and post-tests, as this approach was deemed most suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population was determined through a comprehensive census and consisted of six young football goalkeepers from Al-Kut Sports Club for the 2025-2026 season. These goalkeepers were then randomly assigned to two groups of three. The tests were then prepared and finalized. Once ready, the pre-tests were administered, and the researchers ensured homogeneity and equivalence. Following this, the researchers began implementing the prepared exercises for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, using a high-intensity interval training method at an intensity of 80-95%. After completing the exercises, they administered the post-tests. Upon obtaining the results, they used SPSS statistical software to analyze the data. The results showed that the exercises using auditory-visual stimuli contributed to improving the speed of motor response and the skill of catching rolling ground balls in football goalkeepers. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.
exercises, reaction speed, goalkeepers, football
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د حيدر نفل رسن، م.د عباس ناجي نعمة، م.د احمد علي صادق https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the Cooperative Integration Method on Bodily–Kinesthetic Intelligence and Learning the Technical Performance of the Volleyball Serve
The present study aims to identify the effect of the cooperative integration method on bodily–kinesthetic intelligence and on learning the technical performance of the volleyball serve. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of 40 second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Wasit for the academic year (2024–2025). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 20 students in each group. The cooperative integration method was applied to develop bodily–kinesthetic intelligence and to facilitate learning the technical performance of the volleyball serve. Equivalence and homogeneity were verified among the participants of the research sample. A specialized instructional program was designed for the educational material, consisting of eight instructional units, with two units per week. The duration of each instructional unit was 90 minutes. The experimental program commenced on Monday, October 16, 2024. Upon completion of the instructional program, the post-test was conducted.
Cooperative integration, intelligence, serving, volleyball
Copyright (c) 2025 ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformational leadership and its relationship to effective management of the Iraqi Athletics Federation from the referees' perspective
The problem can be summarized in two questions: Does the relationship between transformational leadership and effective management contribute to improving referee performance? Does this research support the strategic vision of the Iraqi Athletics Federation by promoting transformational leadership and effective management? The research also aims to: identify the two research scales, transformational leadership and effective management, of the Iraqi Athletics Federation from the referees' perspective; and identify the relationship between transformational leadership and effective management of the Iraqi Athletics Federation from the referees' perspective. To achieve these objectives, the researcher chose the descriptive approach. Using a survey method, he selected a sample of (100) athletics referees, dividing it into a pilot, a preliminary, and a main sample. He then developed two scales: Transformational Leadership and Effective Management. After that, the researcher identified the variables, extracted the results and correlations, and arrived at several conclusions and recommendations, including: Transformational leadership plays a positive role in achieving effective management within the Iraqi Athletics Federation. There is a growing awareness of the importance of cooperation within the federation to achieve success. It is essential to adopt a program that evaluates the federation's performance regularly. Similar studies should be conducted that address the study variables and utilize other samples.
Transformational leadership, effective management, athletics, referees
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د همام اسماعيل حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relative Importance of Body Type Components in the Skill Performance of Several Basketball Skills among Students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul
This research aimed to identify the relationship between body type components and several offensive basketball skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The sample consisted of 104 students, representing 56% of the student body. The sample was selected after completing the academic year dedicated to learning the skills. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the research. The population comprised first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul. Skills tests were conducted, including free throws, shooting from under the basket, passing accuracy and speed, and dribbling. Prior to the tests, the anthropometric measurements of the research sample were taken. After data entry, the data were statistically analyzed, presented, and discussed. The researcher concluded that there was a correlation between body types and the studied skills, but with varying degrees of correlation.
الاهمية النسبية - مكونات النمط الجسمي - الاداء المهاري
Copyright (c) 2026 احمد هشام احمد الهلالي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attentional control and its relationship to offensive basketball skills among female students
The importance of this research lies in its linking of the tourism aspect with the skills aspect, as it attempts to effectively influence skills: contributing to understanding how to control focus in order to raise the excellence and speed of execution of transactional skills (such as aiming and passing). Furthermore, the study highlighted the students' ability to isolate external distractions and focus on physical tasks on the court. The research aimed to identify the relationship between attentional control and offensive basketball skills (passing and shooting) among female students. The researcher also followed the descriptive approach using correlational relationships. The research targeted fourth-year female students, and after applying the main experiment and statistically processing the data, the results were presented and discussed. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, which is that female students who have a low degree of attentional control are more likely to make technical mistakes as a result of being influenced by pressure or the audience. There is a statistically significant correlation between the strength of attentional control and the level of offensive skills performance; the greater the student's ability to control her attention, the better her skill performance.
Attentional control, Offensive skills, Basketball
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م سوزان محمد جواد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of interactive teaching methods in schools from the perspective of physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Wasit
This study aims to investigate the impact of interactive teaching methods on enhancing physical performance and increasing student motivation in Iraqi schools. The research is based on social and constructivist learning theories, as well as behavioral and social theories. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations from high school students. The results showed significant improvements in physical performance and sports skills among students taught using interactive teaching methods. Additionally, there was an increase in student motivation and active participation in sports activities. These methods also enhanced social interaction and team spirit among students. The study provided recommendations for developing physical education curricula by integrating interactive activities and training teachers on effectively using these methods. These findings highlight the importance of employing interactive teaching methods to improve the quality of physical education and motivate students to actively participate in physical activities.
Interactive Teaching, Physical Education, Educational Motivation, Critical Thinking, Team Building.
م. م سجاد حسن مكطوف جبارة م. م سجاد حسن مكطوف جبارة
م. م جاسم جباره جاسم عاتي م. م جاسم جباره جاسم عاتي
Copyright (c) 2025 م. م سجاد حسن مكطوف جبارة، م. م جاسم جباره جاسم عاتي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
(The effect of CrossFit training on the energy expenditure of basketball players under 18 years old)
This study aimed to investigate the effect of CrossFit training on energy expenditure, cardiovascular fitness, some biokinetic abilities, and defensive skills in basketball players under 18 years. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) on a sample of 15 players, divided into two groups. CrossFit training was applied for 8 weeks, with three sessions per week, each session lasting 30–40 minutes. The results showed statistically significant differences in physical and skill performance after implementing the program, indicating the effectiveness of CrossFit training in developing the studied variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م رائد عباس صافي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of the "Think Silently" strategy on deductive reasoning and learning the skills of receiving serves and defending the court in volleyball for second-year middle school students.
The importance of this research lies in its use of the "Think Silently" strategy, a cooperative learning strategy, to identify its impact on deductive reasoning and learning the skills of receiving serves and defending the court in volleyball for second-year intermediate students during the academic year (2024-2025). The study included (65) students representing (3) sections. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, as it was suitable for implementing the field procedures. The research sample consisted of (43) students, selected by lottery from sections (B) and (C). Section (B) became the experimental group, and section (C) became the control group. The necessary tools and equipment were used in the research and its implementation steps, which included developing the "Think Silently" strategy, its scientific foundations, a pilot study, and the main field experiment, which involved pre-tests, the application of the "Think Silently" strategy, and post-tests. The researcher concluded that students need the "Think Silently" strategy to help them develop deductive reasoning and learn the skills of receiving serves and defending the court in volleyball. The researcher recommends By utilizing the “think silently” strategy in lectures, which plays a major role in deductive reasoning, and learning the skills of receiving the serve and defending the court in volleyball.
Think silently strategy, deductive reasoning, volleyball
م.م. اياد محمد عبد علي م.م. اياد محمد عبد علي
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. اياد محمد عبد علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
the Relationship of Some Anthropometric Measurements to the Performance Level of Handball Scoring and Passing Skills for Students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
The importance of the current research lies in examining the relationship between certain anthropometric measurements and the performance of handball passing and scoring skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The current research aims to: Identify the relationship between some anthropometric measurements and the level of handball scoring performance among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Identify the relationship between some anthropometric measurements and the level of handball passing performance among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a correlational approach due to its suitability to the nature of the current research. The research sample included only (50) students, who were selected using a simple random method to achieve the objectives of the current research. The percentage of the studied research sample amounted to (33.33%) of the total population. The researcher concluded the following: There is a significant correlation between total body height and the performance of both handball scoring and passing skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.There is a significant correlation between weight and the performance of both handball scoring and passing skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
Anthropometric measurements - scoring and passing skills - handball
أ.م.د. احمد مؤيد حسين أ.م.د. احمد مؤيد حسين
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. احمد مؤيد حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0