Wasit Journal of Sports Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that contributes to the continuous professional development of sports sciences. It is a quarterly journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports sciences for scientific publishing purposes. Issued by the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Wasit. Founded in (2020). The first issue was published in October (2020) and consists of (10) papers.
كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة/جامعة واسط
Psychological resilience and its relationship to the motivational climate among Iraqi Stars League football players
This research aims to explore the role of psychological fortification and motivational climate in the performance of Iraqi Premier League football players, by analyzing the impact of these factors on commitment and ability to control performance. The descriptive analytical approach was used to collect data from players of the Iraqi Premier League teams, where questionnaires designed to measure levels of psychological fortification and motivational climate were used. The research sample included 115 players from different clubs in the Iraqi Premier League, aged between 18 and 30 years, and they were randomly selected to ensure comprehensive representation. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between levels of psychological fortification and athletic performance, as positive motivational environments contribute to enhancing performance. It was also shown that players with high psychological fortification show higher levels of commitment and ability to deal with pressure. In conclusion, the study recommends the need to focus on building a positive motivational climate within clubs and developing psychological support programs for players, which contributes to improving athletic performance in the Iraqi Premier League.
م.م. أحمــد ربيـع عـبـد علــي م.م. أحمــد ربيـع عـبـد علــي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. أحمــد ربيـع عـبـد علــي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Predictive Value of Selected Anthropometric Measures for Fitness Levels in Children Aged )9–11 (Years
The study aims to demonstrate the relationship between Anthropometric measures and the fitness to reach the average contribution on the levels of physical fitness on the light of the anthropometric criteria for the pupils (9-11) years. The study deals with the descriptive and predicative styles due to its beneficial for the research objectives. The data are shown by the pupils (9-11) years within the schools of Mosul. Because of the huge data that is why it is chosen the random sample to achieve the research aim. So, it contains about 216 pupils. It is chosen the sample depending on the geographic distribution. To achieve the research goals, the researchers used certain exercises that is recommended by the experts. For the study purposes, the study depended on the statistical results (the average and the authentic criterion and the Berson’s factor that lead the following findings: The anthropometric measures (body length, weight, Hight) proved their influence to predict the physical fitness. The weight body is the most impact measure in the capacity for the arms about 48%.
أ.م.د شهاب احمد حسن الظاهر أ.م.د شهاب احمد حسن الظاهر
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د شهاب احمد حسن الظاهر، م.م نور غانم يونس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study of Some Biomechanical Variables Associated with the Execution of the Lunge Skill and Their Relationship to Touch Accuracy among Fencing Players
This study aims to examine and analyze certain biomechanical variables associated with the execution of the lunge skill and their relationship to touch accuracy among fencing players. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using a correlational method, as it suits the nature and objectives of the problem. The research sample consisted of (10) fencers from Karbala Sports Club. The research procedures included measuring a set of biomechanical variables specific to the lunge performance using kinematic analysis and a force platform, in addition to measuring touch accuracy through a standardized test designed for this purpose. The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression analysis. The results revealed significant correlation relationships between the biomechanical variables and touch accuracy. Regression analysis results indicated that certain biomechanical variables significantly contribute to explaining the level of touch accuracy among fencers. In light of these findings, the researcher concluded that improving the biomechanical efficiency of the lunge movement directly contributes to enhancing touch accuracy, and that controlling motor performance variables represents a fundamental factor in developing skill achievement in fencing. The researcher recommends the necessity of adopting biomechanical analysis in training and evaluation, focusing on developing the variables that influence performance accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د وسام زكي محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Neuromuscular Coordination Exercises on Certain Motor Abilities and Inter-limb Coordination Among Female Volleyball Players
The significance of the research lies in highlighting how the nervous system influences limb guidance and movement rhythm regulation, thereby providing researchers with a deeper understanding of skill performance development. Furthermore, it accelerates the mastery of complex skills (such as spiking and blocking) by enhancing inter-limb coordination (arms and legs), as well as improving the players' balance and motor control. This, in turn, reduces the risk of common sports injuries, such as ankle sprains or knee injuries resulting from faulty landing. Research Objectives To design neural warm-up exercises aimed at improving motor abilities (neuromuscular) and inter-limb coordination among female volleyball players. To identify the effect of neural warm-up exercises on improving motor abilities (neuromuscular) and inter-limb coordination among female volleyball players. The researcher utilized the experimental approach using a single-group design. Following the administration of pre-tests, the implementation of the exercises within the training sessions, and the conduction of post-tests, the gathered data were statistically processed, presented, and discussed. Based on the results, the following conclusions were reached: Neuromuscular coordination exercises demonstrated a significant improvement in the motor abilities (such as agility, balance, and response speed) of female volleyball players. The proposed exercises effectively contributed to developing coordination between the limbs (upper and lower), which was evident in the accuracy of jumping, spiking, and receiving movements. Improving neuromuscular coordination led to a reduction in the time required for motor decision-making during various play situations. The exercises helped increase physical and motor control, which reduced random and ineffective movements during the execution of fundamental skills.
م.م. نور صالح علوان الشمري م.م. نور صالح علوان الشمري
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. نور صالح علوان الشمري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Composite Exercises (Mental-Physical) on Improving the Performance of Football Referees
The importance of the research lies in using an international form to evaluate referees' performance during their management of matches, based on scientific observation that monitors phenomena and describes their effects by collecting the greatest possible amount of necessary information that helps us explain and interpret the internal and external (apparent) aspects [of performance]. The research aims to: Prepare combined (mental–physical) exercises to develop the performance level of football referees Identify the effect of combined (mental–physical) exercises on the performance level of football referees Methodology: The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, as itwas suited to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of 20 first-class football referees in Wasit Governorate, who are accredited by the [football] federation, actively practice refereeing, and officiate local league matches The pre-test was conducted by the assisting research team on 15/10/2025. The researcher then applied a set of proposed prepared training exercises that included mental training accompanying physical training for the experimental group. The post-test was conducted by the assisting research team on 6/2/2026. Results: In light of the findings, the results of the study clarified the importance of both physical training and mental training for football referees, and showed that mental training accompanying physical training has an effective impact on referees' performance level. Relaxation training contributed to developing the experimental group's capacity for better assimilation of mental training through the application of the components of the mental training program. Recommendations: Based on the findings of this study, the researcher recommends the following: Confirming the use of mental training accompanying physical training, given its clear and effective impact on the performance level of football referees. Adopting mental training methods to help develop referees' performance in football during the regular training units of the Referees Committee If you'd like, I can also format this into a proper English abstract layout (with keywords, etc.) or put it into a Word document.
م. علي حسين عريبي كرم م. علي حسين عريبي كرم
Copyright (c) 2026 م. علي حسين عريبي كرم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Cognitive-Mental Exercises on Certain Basic Offensive Futsal Skills Among High School Students
The importance of this research lies in highlighting "the effect of cognitive-mental exercises on certain basic offensive futsal skills among high school students." It attempts to provide a scientific and practical framework that links cognitive and skill-based aspects. This serves teachers and coaches in developing school sports curricula and connecting better with athletic reality. The research aimed to identify the impact of cognitive-mental exercises on selected basic offensive futsal skills among high school students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control groups) with pre- and post-tests. Pre-tests were conducted, and the cognitive exercises were implemented during lessons. Subsequently, post-tests were administered, and the results were statistically analyzed, presented, and discussed. The researcher reached key conclusions, demonstrating that cognitive-mental exercises had a significant positive impact on developing basic offensive skills compared to traditional methods. These exercises contributed to improving the efficiency of the students' nervous systems, thereby accelerating offensive decision-making under pressure. Furthermore, mental training helped students perceive the spatial and temporal dimensions of the court, which reduced random play and passing errors.
م.م محمد شهيد صبر العزاوي م.م محمد شهيد صبر العزاوي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م محمد شهيد صبر العزاوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises with Electromyographic (EMG) Assessment on the Rehabilitation of Chondromalacia Patellae and Functional Performance in Weightlifters.
The knee joint is considered one of the most important joints in the human body and is particularly susceptible to injury, especially in high-intensity sports. Among the common knee injuries is Chondromalacia Patella, which frequently occurs in weightlifting. This condition results in an imbalance in the function of the quadriceps femoris muscle, where weakness develops in the medial portion of the muscle alongside increased strength in the lateral portion, allowing the patella to deviate outward. The treatment of this condition is typically medical, either through pharmacological therapy or the use of physical therapy modalities such as electrical stimulation and heat therapy. However, since the injury is fundamentally characterized by muscular weakness, its effective management relies on therapeutic exercises aimed at addressing weakness and muscular atrophy. The significance of this study lies in the development of a therapeutic program consisting of rehabilitative exercises represented by strength exercises with progressively increasing intensity, targeting different types of muscular strength to improve the strength of the affected muscle. The researcher relied on electromyography (EMG) indicators—namely reaction time, continuity, and wavelength—to measure the improvement and development of the affected muscle. This approach is intended to provide rehabilitation specialists and coaches with a scientific framework to alleviate the pain experienced by weightlifters, which hinders their performance and may lead to frustration and loss of hope in recovery, ultimately causing withdrawal from training and competition. Accordingly, the aim of the study is to design a proposed therapeutic program consisting of rehabilitative movement exercises to improve and treat Chondromalacia Patella in weightlifters. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research population and sample were selected using a purposive sampling method, consisting of (10) injured weightlifters attending the specialized clinic for joint disorders and medical rehabilitation in Wasit Governorate. The results of the study demonstrated improvement and recovery from Chondromalacia Patella among the weightlifters in the sport of weightlifting.
ا.م.د عماد خليف جابر العاصمي ا.م.د عماد خليف جابر العاصمي
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د عماد خليف جابر العاصمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of specific exercises using the suspended strap technique and supplemented with chromium in rehabilitating biceps femoris muscle tears in injured tennis players
The research aimed to prepare exercises specific to the suspension band technique and supported by the chromium dietary supplement, and then to identify the effect of these exercises, suspension bands and the dietary supplement in rehabilitating a hamstring tear injury. The researcher hypothesized that there were significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements in muscle strength and range of motion, favoring the post-test measurements. The researcher employed an experimental method using a single-group approach with pre- and post-tests, as per the research problem. The research population was defined as tennis players in clubs in the Middle Euphrates region. Through a comprehensive survey, the researcher selected a sample of five injured players, ensuring homogeneity among them. After defining the research variables and the appropriate tests, the researcher conducted a pilot study, followed by pre-tests to obtain preliminary results. Subsequently, the researcher implemented the main experiment, which lasted twelve weeks and included two rehabilitation sessions per week. A number of devices and tools were used to contribute to the rehabilitation of these injuries. After the specified period, the researcher conducted post-tests and extracted the results using statistical analysis. Upon reviewing the results, the researcher concluded that exercises using the suspended strap technique, supplemented with nutritional supplements, have a clear effect on the rehabilitation of biceps muscle injuries. For thigh injuries, it is recommended to perform exercises using modern methods and to supplement them with nutritional supplements to rehabilitate such injuries.
أ.م.د مصطفى محمد علي فرحان أ.م.د مصطفى محمد علي فرحان
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د مصطفى محمد علي فرحان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of the K.W.L.plus strategy on cognitive achievement and learning the skill of scoring in football for students
Fundamental football skills should reach the level of automaticity and mastery to enable students to perform them effectively. Among the most important of these skills are passing, dribbling, and shooting. Developing students' practical performance requires enhancing their theoretical knowledge alongside their technical abilities. Therefore, this study investigated the effectiveness of the K.W.L. Plus strategy in improving cognitive achievement and learning the football shooting skill . The research problem was represented by students' weak performance in the shooting skill and their low level of cognitive achievement concerning the technical aspects of football skills. This weakness was attributed to traditional teaching methods that rely mainly on lecturing, explanation, demonstration, memorisation, and imitation, with limited opportunities for active learning and the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical application. The study aimed to identify the effect of educational units designed according to the K.W.L. Plus strategy on developing cognitive achievement and improving the football shooting skill. An experimental design was adopted, involving an experimental group and a control group with pre-test and post-test measurements. The researcher hypothesised that statistically significant differences would be found in favour of the experimental group in both cognitive achievement and shooting skill performance. The findings revealed that the K.W.L. Plus strategy significantly enhanced students' cognitive achievement and contributed effectively to improving the performance of the football shooting skill. The study concluded that integrating the K.W.L. Plus strategy into football instruction provides an effective approach to enhancing both cognitive and practical learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م ساجد عبد كاظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived self-efficacy as a predictive variable for achievement motivation among 100-meter runners
The current research aimed to reveal the predictive power of perceived self-efficacy on achievement motivation among 100-meter runners in Iraq, determine its contribution rate, and derive its predictive equation. The researcher used a descriptive, predictive approach on a sample of elite runners in Iraq, and used a scale to collect data. Self-efficacy and achievement motivation were assessed after confirming their psychometric properties based on documented scientific frameworks. The results of the simple regression analysis showed a significant predictive role for perceived self-efficacy in achievement motivation, with a calculated F-value of 217.526, which is statistically significant at the 0.000 level. Furthermore, it indicates The coefficient of determination (CID) value of 0.890 indicates that self-efficacy contributes 89% to explaining the variance in achievement motivation among the sample. The researcher concluded that self-efficacy is a key psychological determinant and a strong predictor of performance among elite runners, playing a decisive role that tips the scales in favor of superiority when abilities are similar. Physical fitness. The research recommended integrating mental training programs to reinforce self-efficacy beliefs within physical conditioning plans, and the regular use of psychological assessments as an objective diagnostic tool for predicting future performance levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. زياد قاسم يحيى https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of exercises using a blended training method (skill-tactical) on developing the skills of covering and marking in football players under 17 years of age
The importance of this research lies in studying the impact of integrated skill-tactical training exercises on developing the covering and marking skills of young football players. These skills play a fundamental role in improving defensive performance, enhancing players' efficiency in handling various game situations, and providing coaches with a scientific basis for developing training processes that align with the demands of modern football. The research aimed to identify the impact of integrated skill-tactical training exercises on developing the covering and marking skills of young football players. The researcher adopted an experimental approach and targeted a specific research population consisting of defensive and midfield players from clubs in Al-Hay district participating in the governorate league for the 2024-2025 season. The research sample was selected randomly from Al-Shaheed Sports Club. The researcher concluded that using the integrated skill-tactical training method led to a significant improvement in the covering and marking skills of under-17 football players.
م.م محمد عبد الحسين مجلي م.م محمد عبد الحسين مجلي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م محمد عبد الحسين مجلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of special exercises in developing the accuracy of performing some basic volleyball skills for young players
The research aims to identify the effect of special exercises in developing the accuracy of performing some basic volleyball skills for young players, and to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in developing the accuracy of performing some basic volleyball skills for young players. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-testing. The research community of volleyball players identified the junior category with ages (14-16) years in the specialized volleyball school in Babil Governorate, numbering (30) players for the season (2024-2025). (6) players were selected for the survey sample, and (24) players were selected for the main sample, divided equally into two groups: experimental and control, each group includes (12) players. The pre- and post-measurements of the basic volleyball skills were made, which are (sending, receiving, sending, and preparing). The two measurements included the application of special exercises in (12) training units for a period of (4) weeks, at a rate of (3) units per week. The special exercises were included in the training plan prepared by the trainer and in the main section only, with a time of (60) minutes It has been developed in a manner appropriate to the trainer's plan, taking into account the progression of exercises from easy to difficult, as well as its suitability to the goal of the training plan. The research came out with a set of conclusions, including that special exercises have a positive effect in developing the accuracy of performing skills (sending, receiving serves, preparation) in volleyball for young players.
م.م محمـد قيصر محمـد م.م محمـد قيصر محمـد
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د قيصر محمـد مهدي، م.م محمـد قيصر محمـد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the Relearning Method on Performance Satisfaction and Passing and Dribbling Accuracy in Handball Among Students.
The study aimed to develop a Performance Satisfaction Scale for students in handball and to investigate the effect of the Relearning Method on performance satisfaction and the accuracy of passing and dribbling in handball among students. The researcher hypothesized that the relearning method would have a positive effect on performance satisfaction as well as passing and dribbling accuracy. The study was conducted on a sample of 32 second-year students from the College of Physical Education, University of Babylon, randomly selected from a population of 168 students, representing 19.05% of the total population. The participants were randomly assigned into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 16 students in each group. Equivalence between the two groups was established before the intervention. Both groups participated in eight instructional units, each lasting 90 minutes. The experimental group was taught using the relearning method, whereas the control group received instruction through the conventional teaching method used by the instructor. After completing the instructional program, post-tests were administered, and the data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings indicated that the researcher successfully developed a Performance Satisfaction Scale for handball students and that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in performance satisfaction as well as passing and dribbling accuracy. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended incorporating the relearning method into handball instructional units and encouraging handball instructors to adopt this method to enhance students’ performance satisfaction and improve the accuracy of passing and dribbling skills.
أ.م.د خالدة عبد زيد الدليمي أ.م.د خالدة عبد زيد الدليمي
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د خالدة عبد زيد الدليمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing (physical-skill) tests for the selection of beginners in fencing
There is no doubt that the development of tests (physical-skill) for the selection of beginners in the sport of fencing need to use the descriptive approach in the survey method, as well as to determine the appropriate physical abilities and tests and then apply them to a sample of (50) beginners players, to obtain data, process it statistically, and display it in the form of tables. And through this, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, including: The tests contributed to enhancing the excitement and suspense among beginner players by introducing the element of competition when implemented. The standard levels and scores were classified as most of the research sample was below (average, acceptable) level. The distribution of the sample members varied at the rest of the levels. And can be applied tests (physical – skill) in the least time and effort by the test takers and applied by the players.
أ.د. ظافر ناموس خلف الطائي أ.د. ظافر ناموس خلف الطائي
أ.د. عبدالرزاق جبر الماجدي أ.د. عبدالرزاق جبر الماجدي
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. د ظافر ناموس خلف، أ.د. عبدالرزاق جبر الماجدي، مصطفى حيال طه https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using exercises as an aid to develop balance, the skills of receiving the serve, accuracy, and blocking in volleyball
The problem of the research lies in the lack of interest in training according to devices and auxiliary tools and the reliance on the usual application of exercises within the training unit. This has led to a discrepancy in motor abilities, which represent the balance and skill characteristic of receiving the serve. As for the research objectives: Preparing a balance aid for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Identify the effect of exercises on balance ability according to the assistive means used by members of the research sample. The research hypothesis was: There are statistically significant differences for the pre- and post-tests among the experimental and control groups in balance ability, transmission reception skill, and blocking accuracy among individuals of the research sample. As for the research methodology, the researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test, where the research sample consisted of (6) players from the second stage, students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The tests used were the motor balance test and the accuracy test of the receiving skill in volleyball.
م.د. ثامر عامر فاخر شغاتي م.د. ثامر عامر فاخر شغاتي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. ثامر عامر فاخر شغاتي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence-Supported Knowledge Management and Its Relationship with Administrative Performance of Administrative Boards in Football Clubs of Wasit Governorate
This study aimed to investigate the level of artificial intelligence-supported knowledge management and its relationship with administrative performance among the administrative boards of football clubs in Wasit Governorate. To achieve the objectives, a comprehensive questionnaire consisting of 40 items was designed, distributed over two main dimensions: artificial intelligence-supported knowledge management and administrative performance. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 65 administrative board members from 13 football clubs, with five members from each club. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and used statistical tools including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation coefficient to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that the level of artificial intelligence-supported knowledge management among administrative boards was high, and the administrative performance was also high. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship was found between artificial intelligence-supported knowledge management and administrative performance, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.78, statistically significant. Based on the findings, the study recommends enhancing the use of artificial intelligence-supported knowledge management in sports clubs, developing technological infrastructure, organizing training courses for administrative board members, and adopting modern information systems to support decision-making processes and improve administrative performance. This study highlights the importance of integrating technology and knowledge management in sports administration, as it contributes to improving administrative efficiency and achieving the clubs’ goals more effectively.
م.م ليث مثنى عبد الرزاق م.م ليث مثنى عبد الرزاق
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م ليث مثنى عبد الرزاق https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of water resistance (weightlifting) training on developing the muscular strength of the armed arm in disabled fencing athletes
This research aims to identify the effect of a weight training program in an aquatic environment on developing the arm strength of para-fencing athletes. This was achieved by (developing a training program using aquatic resistance (weights) to develop the muscular power of the armed arm in para-fencing athletes, and determining the effect of the proposed program on the muscular power of the armed arm in para-fencing athletes). The researcher used the experimental method, deemed suitable for the nature of the research, and employed an experimental design. The research was conducted on a sample of (8) para-fencing athletes from the Sulaymaniyah Club in Iraq, Category A, under 23 years of age. Among the most important conclusions was a significant improvement in the maximum strength of the arm muscles, explosive power of the arms, strength endurance, static contractile strength of the arms, and muscle response speed. This reflects the program's ability to increase the productive force required to perform the bench press with heavier weights. This improvement is attributed to the combination of weight loading and dynamic water resistance. One of the most important recommendations is the necessity of implementing training programs that integrate weights with aquatic training, given their positive impact on developing the muscular capabilities of the arms. For para-fencing athletes, aquatic training is a fundamental part of their physical conditioning programs due to its ability to reduce stress on joints while maintaining effective resistance. Rapid resistance drills in water are used to improve explosive power and muscular response speed in the arms.
م.م حسنين عباس فاضل الفتلاوي م.م حسنين عباس فاضل الفتلاوي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م حسنين عباس فاضل الفتلاوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Silent Dominance and its Relationship to the Accuracy of Refereeing Decisions among First Division Football Referees
The importance of studying the relationship between silent dominance and the accuracy of refereeing decisions among first division football referees is highlighted, as this relationship is expected to reveal the extent of the influence of unseen factors on the quality of refereeing performance. This contributes to developing and raising the level of refereeing to meet the requirements of modern competition and the evolving needs of the game. Accordingly, the research problem is defined as questioning the nature of the relationship between silent dominance and the accuracy of refereeing decisions among first division football referees, and whether this undeclared dominance represents an influential factor in the quality of refereeing performance and raising the level of local refereeing. To identify the nature of the relationship between silent dominance and the refereeing performance of first division football referees, the researcher used the descriptive method, which is suitable for the nature of the research, its field procedures, and solving its problem. The researcher defined the research population as first division football referees in the southern governorates of Iraq, for the (2025-2026) season. The study included 80 referees, selected using a comprehensive sampling method. The most important conclusion was that controlling silent pressure is a crucial factor in improving the accuracy of refereeing decisions. Referees who can manage indirect pressures are better able to make correct and quick decisions. The most important recommendation is to develop specialized training programs that focus on how to deal with crowd pressure and the competitive context, thereby enhancing referees' ability to confront silent pressure.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. م. د نجم ربح نجم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the (REACT) strategy on the cognitive achievement of some handball law subjects for fourth-stage students at the Faculty of physical education and sports sciences
The study aimed to develop instructional units in accordance with the REACT strategy and to identify their effect on the cognitive achievement of certain Handball Law subjects among fourth-year students, as well as to examine the impact of these instructional units on the variables under investigation. The researcher adopted the experimental method using the equivalent-groups design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of fourth-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for the academic year 2024–2025.The research instrument included a cognitive achievement test in Handball Law covering Articles 8–16. The test consisted of 20 items, each answered through three alternatives, one of which was correct. The instructional units were implemented over a period of eight weeks, at a rate of one instructional unit per week. After completing the implementation of the instructional units, conducting the post-tests, and performing the statistical analyses, the researcher reached several conclusions. The most important findings indicated that the REACT strategy demonstrated clear effectiveness in improving students’ cognitive achievement in Handball Law subjects. Furthermore, linking new knowledge with prior experiences contributed to enhancing deep understanding of the legal content and facilitated the transition from memorization to comprehension and analysis. In addition, the use of inquiry-based and practical application activities helped consolidate information and increased students’ ability to apply the laws in different situations.
م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exercises Using Adaptive Teaching Methods to Improve Dribbling Skills (High, Low, and Variable) in Beginner Basketball Players
The importance of this research lies in finding new teaching methods that help in learning the various types of dribbling skills in basketball, thus reducing the effort and time required to learn this fundamental and crucial skill, which forms the basis for most other skills. This prompted the researcher to study this topic and attempt to find suitable solutions. The research aims to identify the effect of using exercises with adaptive teaching methods on improving dribbling skills (high, low, and variable). For beginner basketball players, the researcher used the experimental method (with equivalent groups). The researcher selected his research sample purposively from the research population, which consisted of basketball players from Al-Kut and Al-Nu'maniyah Sports Clubs, totaling (26) players. The researcher excluded (2) players due to their parents' refusal to allow their participation in this experiment. The sample was randomly divided into two equivalent groups by lottery: an experimental group of (12) players and a control group of (12) players. The educational curriculum was designed for the research, based on learning the three skills under investigation. The duration of the educational curriculum was [duration missing in original text (3) Weeks to learn the dribbling skill. The total number of educational units in the curriculum was (12) educational units, with each educational unit lasting (60) minutes. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to extract the results. The researcher's conclusions are that using assistive devices helps players (especially young ones) to be present and enthusiastic in performing the exercise. The researcher recommends that the relevant authorities provide the necessary tools and resources to facilitate learning basketball skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م محمد حسين والي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analytical study of some kinematic variables and their Relationship to the ball's launch speed for the smash serve skill in volleyball
The main objectives of this research are to identify the relationship between the variable (velocity of the ball) and some kinematic. Moreover, to identify the extent of the impact of these variables. The researcher deliberately selected the sample and the selected sample (7) players from the Baghdad University team participating in the Iraqi Universities Championship 2025. and it represented (50%) of the community of origin. The main experiment conducted on (10/2/2025). The results analyzed and the kinematic variables. Extracted through the Kenova program. The extracted kinematic variables were (the height of the ball's starting point, the angle of the ball's starting, the angles of the elbow and shoulder, etc…). He used the statistical program (Spss) to extract the results. that the variables related to the angles (elbow and shoulder) have a significant role in the process of transferring kinetic energy in the two back-weighted stages and the moment of hitting the ball. The researcher recommended the trainers and those in charge of the Baghdad University team to emphasize the skill training that works to develop the performance, the need to benefit from the kinetic transfer of the batting arm in order to gain energy that it needs to hit the ball.
م.م مروان مصطفى سامي م.م مروان مصطفى سامي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م مروان مصطفى سامي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of compound training on lactic acid buildup, certain physical abilities, and achieving a 100-meter swim in youth
The current research aimed to identify the effect of compound training on the accumulation rate of lactic acid, certain physical abilities, and the 100-meter swimming achievement for youth. The researcher utilized the experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) on a purposively selected sample of young swimmers. The training program included compound exercises (physical and skill-based) conducted both inside and outside the water. These exercises were implemented with precise regulation of training loads, intensities, and rest periods to meet the requirements of anaerobic energy systems.Statistical results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group, in developing specific physical abilities (such as speed endurance and strength characterized by speed). The results also showed an increase in the body's physiological efficiency to tolerate and delay lactic acid accumulation, as well as an enhanced rate of its clearance after exertion. Furthermore, the findings indicated a clear positive breakthrough in reducing numerical time and improving the 100-meter swimming achievement. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting compound training within the training curricula for short-distance swimmers, alongside the importance of regular physiological monitoring of blood lactic acid concentration to track the physical and physiological adaptations of the athletes.
م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين، م.م حيدر مهدي داخل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of interactive agility training on the speed of extinguishing and passing skills among young football players
The research aims to prepare training units using interactive agility drills for football players, and to identify the effect of interactive agility drills on the speed of performance of the passing and extinguishing skills among young football players. The researcher identified the research community and sample. It consists of young football players from clubs in Al-Nu’maniyah district participating in the governorate league, totaling (72) players distributed across (3) clubs, with an average of (24) players per club. These clubs are (Al-Shaheed, Al-Nu’maniyah, Al-Wafaa). As for the research sample, the researcher selected it using a simple random method by drawing lots. It consisted of (24) players from Al-Nu'maniyah Club. The researcher then excluded the two goalkeepers, two injured players, and (6) players for the purposes of the two exploratory experiments, so the final number of members of the research sample became (14) players who represented the experimental research group. In light of the research findings and the results obtained through statistical analysis and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: Interactive agility training has a clear positive effect on improving the speed of performance of the squashing and passing skills in young football players. The training program based on reactive agility contributed to developing motor response speed and decision-making during skill performance. Reactive agility training helped improve neuromuscular coordination, which positively impacted the speed and accuracy of executing basic skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 جهاد محمد حسان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying the reality of psychological resilience among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Al-Kut University, in relation to the type of study (morning and evening).
This study aimed to identify the level of psychological resilience among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kut, for the academic year 2025-2026. It also sought to determine the significance of differences in psychological resilience among these students based on their study type (morning and evening) during the same academic year.The researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology to assess the level of psychological resilience. The study population was selected purposively and consisted of 210 fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kut, across both morning and evening programs, for the academic year 2025-2026. Of these, 90 were morning students and 120 were evening students. The study population was 210 students in total: 90 in the morning program and 120 in the evening program. The researcher identified the research problem by observing the behavior of fourth-year students in the college during practical and theoretical lessons, as he is one of the college’s instructors, in addition to asking the other professors about the presence of some students who do not have the desire to insist on learning and acquiring knowledge, with weakness in emotional control and management, with an inability to commit and persevere, and a decrease in the spirit of challenge with oneself and colleagues. After reviewing previous sources and studies, the researcher observed dimensions of psychological resilience. This prompted the researcher to investigate this issue, attempting to address it by examining the current state of psychological resilience, considering both morning and evening study sessions. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the Psychological Resilience Scale (Al-Bayati, 2015), which was developed using a sample of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The scale consists of 47 items distributed across four domains. Based on the results, the researcher concluded that the study sample, comprised of fourth-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Kut University, exhibits a high level of psychological resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 فواز علي عبد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of brainstorming strategy on the skills of jump shooting and long-range shooting in basketball among second-year students
This study aimed to identify the role of the brainstorming strategy in developing the learning and retention of jump shooting and long-range shooting skills in basketball among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also aimed to reveal the differences between the brainstorming strategy and the traditional teaching method in learning and retaining these two skills among second-year students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of (20) second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were equally divided into two groups of (10) students each by lottery. The experimental group studied using the brainstorming strategy, while the control group studied using the traditional teaching method. The researcher used several devices, tools, and data collection methods, including: scientific observation, expert and specialist opinions, and skills tests. The educational units were implemented for both groups according to the same curriculum, but with different teaching methods. A post-test was then administered to the variables. The research. For the purpose of statistically analyzing the data, the researcher used: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for paired samples, t-test for unpaired samples, and absolute retention coefficient. The research results proved the effectiveness of the brainstorming strategy in improving the learning and retention of the long-range shooting and jump shooting skills among second-year basketball students. The experimental group outperformed the control group in skill performance and retention. The research recommends adopting this strategy in sports teaching, training teachers in its use, and conducting future studies to expand its application to other skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م ميلاد سعيد راضي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Composite Exercises Using the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) Method on the Effectiveness of Offensive Tactical Performance for Youth Football Players
The significance of the research lies in using composite (technical-tactical) exercises via the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) method to develop the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance for attacking players in the final third of the pitch. Additionally, it aims to elevate all player capacities during competition and foster correct decision-making during tactical execution, which enhances cooperation and harmony within the attacking team during collective play. Undoubtedly, players need to repeat fast performances interspersed with very short recovery periods due to the intense match conditions. The research aimed to design composite (technical-tactical) exercises using the RSA method for youth football and to identify the impact of these exercises on the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance for youth football players.For the research methodology, the researcher adopted an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control), as it was deemed suitable for resolving the research problem and achieving its objectives. The research population consisted of (167) youth football club players in the Wasit Governorate Center participating in the governorate league for the (2023-2024) football season, distributed across (8) clubs, as shown in Table (3). The research sample was purposively selected, consisting exclusively of players from the attacking third. It included Wasit Club as the experimental group (8 players) and Al-Shuhada Club as the control group (8 players). Following the pre-test, the implementation of the composite exercises, and the post-test, the data were statistically processed using the SPSS package. After presenting and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that the composite (technical-tactical) exercises designed using the RSA method yielded positive results in the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance due to their high similarity to competitive football matches. Utilizing all football skills—such as passing, shooting, dribbling, receiving, and ball carrying—along with the interconnectedness of these skills, successfully raised the level of offensive tactical performance effectiveness in football for the experimental group.
م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد، أ.م.د أمين عطا حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological resilience and its relationship to psychological stress among volleyball players aged (16-18) years
The research also aims to identify the two research scales, psychological resilience and psychological stress. To achieve these objectives, the researcher chose the descriptive survey method and selected a sample of (76) players from the Iraqi Junior League for the (2024-2025) season. The sample was divided into a pilot and a main group. The two scales were then applied to the sample, and the results and correlational relationships were extracted. He reached several conclusions and recommendations, including a clear weakness in the psychological resilience of volleyball players, as evidenced by their responses. He also noted the presence of psychological pressures that affect the players' mental, physical, technical, and motor skills. He stressed the need to focus on psychological aspects, specifically increasing resilience and reducing stress. Finally, he recommended activating psychological counseling units and integrating them into training programs.
م.م علي عبد الحسين علي جان م.م علي عبد الحسين علي جان
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م علي عبد الحسين علي جان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of training using the ROST method on muscle hypertrophy in advanced bodybuilders
This study aimed to develop training programs using the ROST method for muscle hypertrophy in advanced bodybuilders. The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 16 bodybuilders registered at private gyms, divided into two equal groups. The first experimental group trained using the ROST method, while the second control group trained using the traditional method. The research sample underwent pre- and post-tests for anthropometric measurements, which included the muscles of the arms, chest, shoulders, thighs, and calves. The training period lasted for eight weeks, with four training sessions per week. After obtaining the results, they were statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher concluded that the ROST method training had a positive effect on developing muscle hypertrophy in the arms, chest, shoulders, thighs, and calves under study. The researcher recommends the use of this method. The ROST method of training has a positive effect on developing muscle mass in advanced bodybuilders.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. علي مطشر مظلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Instructional-learning design based on the visual thinking strategy and its impact on developing higher-order thinking skills among middle school students in physical education.
The present study aims to design an instructional–learning model based on visual thinking strategy and to investigate its effect on the development of higher-order thinking skills among intermediate school students in physical education. The significance of the study lies in integrating two fundamental domains: visual thinking, which relies on representing knowledge through images, diagrams, and graphic organizers to enhance comprehension and stimulate analysis; and physical education, which provides a fertile ground for applying active learning strategies that develop both cognitive and motor skills. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design by applying a series of lessons based on visual tools (movement diagrams, performance analysis videos, visual observation checklists) to an experimental group, and comparing their performance with a control group taught by traditional methods. The results indicated that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in higher-order thinking indicators (analysis, interpretation, problem-solving, decision-making), proving the effectiveness of the proposed instructional–learning design. The study recommends expanding the use of visual thinking strategies in teaching physical education at all educational levels and integrating them into teacher preparation prams.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م مها كاظم جعفر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of a training program combined with the dietary supplement (beta-alanine) on Anaerobic endurance and Achievement in elite men individual road race cyclists
Road cycling races require many different abilities to achieve success, which necessitates a training program designed over long periods extending to consecutive years to achieve the required adaptations for the cyclist to perform in accordance with competition intensity. This has driven coaches to use various training methods and means to achieve success in domestic and international competitions. Drawing on the researcher's experience as a specialist in this field as a player, coach, and administrator, a training program was developed alongside dietary supplements that help replenish the body to further improve performance and accelerate recovery, delay fatigue, and prevent injuries that may occur due to exhaustion and tiredness from the training sessions within the program. Achieving success in individual time-trial cycling is linked to the cyclist's ability to maintain energy throughout the race distance to cope with the variable intensity resulting from competition, as well as the variables that cyclists may face, such as headwinds, temperature, and elevation changes above and below sea level. This requires the athlete to possess appropriate physical fitness and experience in distributing effort over the race distance to achieve the best possible result in competitions. The importance of the study lies in developing the training program using modern scientific methods, with (5) training sessions per week for three months during the special preparation and competition periods, while the athletes consumed specific doses of the beta-alanine dietary supplement. The study aimed to identify the effect of the training program combined with beta-alanine dietary supplements on anaerobic capacity and performance in individual time-trial cyclists at the advanced category. The study sample consisted of (12) cyclists from the national team's advanced category. The researcher outlined the implementation steps of the study, then preliminary experiments and the main experiment were conducted. The researcher also explained the statistical methods used in the study. After statistical processing and presenting the results, the most important conclusions were reached as follows: The prepared training program contributed to increasing Anaerobic endurance and Achievement in elite men individual road race cyclists Consuming the beta-alanine dietary supplement contributed to Anaerobic endurance and Achievement in elite men individual road race cyclists The training program combined with the beta-alanine dietary supplement contributed to achieving performance in elite men individual road race cyclists.
Copyright (c) 2026 د.علي حميد عبد الكريم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0