Wasit Journal of Sports Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that contributes to the continuous professional development of sports sciences. It is a quarterly journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports sciences for scientific publishing purposes. Issued by the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Wasit. Founded in (2020). The first issue was published in October (2020) and consists of (10) papers.
كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة/جامعة واسط
The Silent Dominance and its Relationship to the Accuracy of Refereeing Decisions among First Division Football Referees
The importance of studying the relationship between silent dominance and the accuracy of refereeing decisions among first division football referees is highlighted, as this relationship is expected to reveal the extent of the influence of unseen factors on the quality of refereeing performance. This contributes to developing and raising the level of refereeing to meet the requirements of modern competition and the evolving needs of the game. Accordingly, the research problem is defined as questioning the nature of the relationship between silent dominance and the accuracy of refereeing decisions among first division football referees, and whether this undeclared dominance represents an influential factor in the quality of refereeing performance and raising the level of local refereeing. To identify the nature of the relationship between silent dominance and the refereeing performance of first division football referees, the researcher used the descriptive method, which is suitable for the nature of the research, its field procedures, and solving its problem. The researcher defined the research population as first division football referees in the southern governorates of Iraq, for the (2025-2026) season. The study included 80 referees, selected using a comprehensive sampling method. The most important conclusion was that controlling silent pressure is a crucial factor in improving the accuracy of refereeing decisions. Referees who can manage indirect pressures are better able to make correct and quick decisions. The most important recommendation is to develop specialized training programs that focus on how to deal with crowd pressure and the competitive context, thereby enhancing referees' ability to confront silent pressure.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. م. د نجم ربح نجم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the (REACT) strategy on the cognitive achievement of some handball law subjects for fourth-stage students at the Faculty of physical education and sports sciences
The study aimed to develop instructional units in accordance with the REACT strategy and to identify their effect on the cognitive achievement of certain Handball Law subjects among fourth-year students, as well as to examine the impact of these instructional units on the variables under investigation. The researcher adopted the experimental method using the equivalent-groups design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of fourth-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for the academic year 2024–2025.The research instrument included a cognitive achievement test in Handball Law covering Articles 8–16. The test consisted of 20 items, each answered through three alternatives, one of which was correct. The instructional units were implemented over a period of eight weeks, at a rate of one instructional unit per week. After completing the implementation of the instructional units, conducting the post-tests, and performing the statistical analyses, the researcher reached several conclusions. The most important findings indicated that the REACT strategy demonstrated clear effectiveness in improving students’ cognitive achievement in Handball Law subjects. Furthermore, linking new knowledge with prior experiences contributed to enhancing deep understanding of the legal content and facilitated the transition from memorization to comprehension and analysis. In addition, the use of inquiry-based and practical application activities helped consolidate information and increased students’ ability to apply the laws in different situations.
م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د معاذ عبد الكريم فاضل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exercises Using Adaptive Teaching Methods to Improve Dribbling Skills (High, Low, and Variable) in Beginner Basketball Players
The importance of this research lies in finding new teaching methods that help in learning the various types of dribbling skills in basketball, thus reducing the effort and time required to learn this fundamental and crucial skill, which forms the basis for most other skills. This prompted the researcher to study this topic and attempt to find suitable solutions. The research aims to identify the effect of using exercises with adaptive teaching methods on improving dribbling skills (high, low, and variable). For beginner basketball players, the researcher used the experimental method (with equivalent groups). The researcher selected his research sample purposively from the research population, which consisted of basketball players from Al-Kut and Al-Nu'maniyah Sports Clubs, totaling (26) players. The researcher excluded (2) players due to their parents' refusal to allow their participation in this experiment. The sample was randomly divided into two equivalent groups by lottery: an experimental group of (12) players and a control group of (12) players. The educational curriculum was designed for the research, based on learning the three skills under investigation. The duration of the educational curriculum was [duration missing in original text (3) Weeks to learn the dribbling skill. The total number of educational units in the curriculum was (12) educational units, with each educational unit lasting (60) minutes. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to extract the results. The researcher's conclusions are that using assistive devices helps players (especially young ones) to be present and enthusiastic in performing the exercise. The researcher recommends that the relevant authorities provide the necessary tools and resources to facilitate learning basketball skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م محمد حسين والي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of compound training on lactic acid buildup, certain physical abilities, and achieving a 100-meter swim in youth
The current research aimed to identify the effect of compound training on the accumulation rate of lactic acid, certain physical abilities, and the 100-meter swimming achievement for youth. The researcher utilized the experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) on a purposively selected sample of young swimmers. The training program included compound exercises (physical and skill-based) conducted both inside and outside the water. These exercises were implemented with precise regulation of training loads, intensities, and rest periods to meet the requirements of anaerobic energy systems.Statistical results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group, in developing specific physical abilities (such as speed endurance and strength characterized by speed). The results also showed an increase in the body's physiological efficiency to tolerate and delay lactic acid accumulation, as well as an enhanced rate of its clearance after exertion. Furthermore, the findings indicated a clear positive breakthrough in reducing numerical time and improving the 100-meter swimming achievement. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting compound training within the training curricula for short-distance swimmers, alongside the importance of regular physiological monitoring of blood lactic acid concentration to track the physical and physiological adaptations of the athletes.
م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مؤتمن جبار محمد حسين، م.م حيدر مهدي داخل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of brainstorming strategy on the skills of jump shooting and long-range shooting in basketball among second-year students
This study aimed to identify the role of the brainstorming strategy in developing the learning and retention of jump shooting and long-range shooting skills in basketball among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also aimed to reveal the differences between the brainstorming strategy and the traditional teaching method in learning and retaining these two skills among second-year students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of (20) second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were equally divided into two groups of (10) students each by lottery. The experimental group studied using the brainstorming strategy, while the control group studied using the traditional teaching method. The researcher used several devices, tools, and data collection methods, including: scientific observation, expert and specialist opinions, and skills tests. The educational units were implemented for both groups according to the same curriculum, but with different teaching methods. A post-test was then administered to the variables. The research. For the purpose of statistically analyzing the data, the researcher used: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for paired samples, t-test for unpaired samples, and absolute retention coefficient. The research results proved the effectiveness of the brainstorming strategy in improving the learning and retention of the long-range shooting and jump shooting skills among second-year basketball students. The experimental group outperformed the control group in skill performance and retention. The research recommends adopting this strategy in sports teaching, training teachers in its use, and conducting future studies to expand its application to other skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م ميلاد سعيد راضي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Composite Exercises Using the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) Method on the Effectiveness of Offensive Tactical Performance for Youth Football Players
The significance of the research lies in using composite (technical-tactical) exercises via the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) method to develop the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance for attacking players in the final third of the pitch. Additionally, it aims to elevate all player capacities during competition and foster correct decision-making during tactical execution, which enhances cooperation and harmony within the attacking team during collective play. Undoubtedly, players need to repeat fast performances interspersed with very short recovery periods due to the intense match conditions. The research aimed to design composite (technical-tactical) exercises using the RSA method for youth football and to identify the impact of these exercises on the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance for youth football players.For the research methodology, the researcher adopted an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control), as it was deemed suitable for resolving the research problem and achieving its objectives. The research population consisted of (167) youth football club players in the Wasit Governorate Center participating in the governorate league for the (2023-2024) football season, distributed across (8) clubs, as shown in Table (3). The research sample was purposively selected, consisting exclusively of players from the attacking third. It included Wasit Club as the experimental group (8 players) and Al-Shuhada Club as the control group (8 players). Following the pre-test, the implementation of the composite exercises, and the post-test, the data were statistically processed using the SPSS package. After presenting and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that the composite (technical-tactical) exercises designed using the RSA method yielded positive results in the effectiveness of offensive tactical performance due to their high similarity to competitive football matches. Utilizing all football skills—such as passing, shooting, dribbling, receiving, and ball carrying—along with the interconnectedness of these skills, successfully raised the level of offensive tactical performance effectiveness in football for the experimental group.
م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د جعفر عبدأبوالذر عبد، أ.م.د أمين عطا حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Instructional-learning design based on the visual thinking strategy and its impact on developing higher-order thinking skills among middle school students in physical education.
The present study aims to design an instructional–learning model based on visual thinking strategy and to investigate its effect on the development of higher-order thinking skills among intermediate school students in physical education. The significance of the study lies in integrating two fundamental domains: visual thinking, which relies on representing knowledge through images, diagrams, and graphic organizers to enhance comprehension and stimulate analysis; and physical education, which provides a fertile ground for applying active learning strategies that develop both cognitive and motor skills. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design by applying a series of lessons based on visual tools (movement diagrams, performance analysis videos, visual observation checklists) to an experimental group, and comparing their performance with a control group taught by traditional methods. The results indicated that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in higher-order thinking indicators (analysis, interpretation, problem-solving, decision-making), proving the effectiveness of the proposed instructional–learning design. The study recommends expanding the use of visual thinking strategies in teaching physical education at all educational levels and integrating them into teacher preparation prams.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م مها كاظم جعفر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing a boxing reasoning skills assessment for students in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
This chapter deals with the introduction and the importance of the research, and it touched on the importance of deductive thinking for individual game players (boxing). As for the research problem in answering the following question: Does the scale prepared by the researcher have a positive role in teaching boxing? The objectives of the research were to build a scale in the game of boxing for students. The research areas were as follows: Human field: Second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Mustansiriya University 2024/2025, with (150) of the sample. Time field: For the period from 10/7/2024 to 12/2/2024. Research methodology and field procedures: This chapter deals with the research methodology and procedures. The researcher deliberately represented the research community with second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year 2024/2025, numbering (201) students, and for the morning study, section (A) girls, and (32 (A) were excluded from the sample, distributed over the second stage by (169), (B32), (C35), (D34), ((E35, (F33)). The research problem was clear to the researcher, as the research sample was chosen intentionally and distributed randomly. (150) students were divided and the sample was homogeneous, and the devices and tools used in the research were homogeneous, and for skill tests in the game and the exploratory experiment and exercises prepared by the researcher, the pre-test and post-test, then statistical analysis processes were conducted. Presentation, analysis and discussion of the results: This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of the results of the research tests used that were reached after their statistical processing, then discussing them in light of theoretical studies and similar and previous studies with the aim of verifying the hypotheses Research to reach appropriate conclusions and recommendations. The scale of deductive thinking in boxing prepared by the researcher is a good tool to reveal the thinking of college students in learning some basic skills in boxing. What are the recommendations to adopt the scale prepared by the researcher to measure deductive thinking in boxing.
م.د منتصر عبد الأمير ناصر م.د منتصر عبد الأمير ناصر
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د منتصر عبد الأمير ناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship of Certain Biomechanical Indicators to Split Times and Performance Level of 200m Breaststroke Swimmers
This study aimed to identify the relationship between specific biomechanical indicators, split times, and the overall performance level of 200m breaststroke swimmers. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach, as it best suits the nature of the research problem. The study sample consisted of (8) elite swimmers. Underwater and surface video filming, along with kinematic analysis, were utilized to extract the biomechanical indicators under study (e.g., stroke length, stroke rate, stroke index, and glide time).The results revealed a statistically significant correlation between stroke length and swimming speed across various splits. Furthermore, it was found that swimmers who maintained a stable Stroke Index achieved the best overall performance levels. The study concluded that split times (specifically the second and third 50m laps) are the most affected by changes in kinematic indicators due to physiological fatigue, directly impacting the total race time. The study recommended focusing on "technical performance endurance" training to maintain stroke length and efficiency during the final meters of the race.
م.د أحمد سعد محمود الزويني م.د أحمد سعد محمود الزويني
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د أحمد سعد محمود الزويني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of using the fixed and variable exercise method in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weights for students
Using effective exercise methods in the educational process is something that complements it and gives it more effectiveness, leading to effective education that saves a lot of effort and time for the learner and teacher in the educational process. Through the researcher’s follow-up as a teacher of the weight throwing activity, he noticed that there is a weakness in the process of learning the basic steps and consequently a weakness in the students’ achievement, which is a problem that many trainers suffer from, which requires them to exert great efforts and time in order to ensure that the activity is performed in a perfect and correct manner. However, some of them use various methods in an unstudied manner, which gives us different results in learning from the quality of performance and economy of effort. Therefore, the researcher decided to study the problem by using the fixed and variable exercise method in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weights for students to keep pace with the developments taking place. The research aims to Know the effect of using the fixed and variable methods in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weights for students.Knowing the differences between the effect of using the fixed and variable methods in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weights for students. The most important conclusions were: The fixed and variable methods have a positive effect in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weights for students. The variable exercise method is better than the fixed exercise method in developing motor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weight for students. The variable exercise method encouraged and motivated students to extract the best performance without boredom.
ا.م.د. رنا محمد مطير الجبوري ا.م.د. رنا محمد مطير الجبوري
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. رنا محمد مطير الجبوري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"The Effect of High-Intensity Cluster Training on Improving the Effectiveness of Rebound Jumping in Handball Players"
Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the effect of high-intensity cluster training on improving the effectiveness of reactive jumping among junior handball players. This was done by analyzing a set of physical indicators, most notably the Reactive Strength Index (RSI), which is considered a key criterion for evaluating performance efficiency in reactive jumps. The sample consisted of 16 junior players, randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (8 players) who underwent a training program using high-intensity cluster training, and a control group (8 players) who followed a traditional training program. Pre-tests were conducted to ensure homogeneity of the sample in terms of chronological age, training age, height, and weight. Then, specific physical tests were applied, including reactive jump distance (cm), 30-meter sprint time (s), ground contact time during the reactive jump (s), and RSI (index), using 2D video analysis. The results showed significant improvement in the experimental group between pre- and post-tests across all studied variables—particularly in increased jump distance, reduced contact time, and improved RSI—compared to the control group, which did not show statistically significant differences. These findings highlight the effectiveness of high-intensity cluster training in developing explosive strength, speed, and reactive characteristics, making it an ideal approach to enhance jump performance in youth handball players.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. فراس قحطان رجب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Kinetic Transfer of Force During the Performance of the Forehand Stroke in Ground Tennis (Case Study)"
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze and investigate the kinetic chain and force transmission during the forehand stroke in tennis, through a case study of six attempts focusing on quantifying the force generated by various body segments during the sequential transfer of energy from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs across the stroke phases. Three-dimensional cameras were used to record 18 forehand stroke attempts, from which the best six were selected and analyzed using the MaxTRAQ software. A 3D scale reference was captured during filming, and the cameras were set to a frequency of 120 frames per second. The results of the study revealed a clear distinction between the preparatory and main phases of the forehand stroke, as the ball’s horizontal velocity increased from 14.59 m/s to 47.63 m/s, reflecting the effective transmission of force from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs. The force exerted by the right palm showed a perfect correlation with the resultant velocity (1.000), while certain angles, such as the right shoulder angle, had a minimal effect. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of coordination between angles, forces, and biomechanical accelerations to achieve effective technical performance. This suggests the need for specialized training to enhance this interaction and improve the efficiency of the forehand stroke in tennis.
م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مصطفى وليد العبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of a (Cross Fit) style training program on a number of physical variables and the special performance of young futsal players
The importance of the current research lies in examining the effect of Cross Fit exercises on developing a number of physical attributes and special performances of young futsal players in the experimental group. The significance of the current research lies in studying the impact of CrossFit exercises on several physical attributes and the specific performance of youth futsal players. This study aims to identify the effect of a training program based on the "CrossFit" method on a set of physical variables and the level of specific performance among youth futsal players. The researcher utilized the experimental method on a sample of players, applying a series of CrossFit exercises characterized by high intensity and variety (such as strength training, gymnastics, and aerobic endurance). The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests, regarding the physical variables, in addition to a noticeable development in specific skill performance. The study concluded that integrating the CrossFit method into training curricula contributes effectively to preparing players physically and technically in a way that matches the rapid play requirements of futsal.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د علي محمود خليل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
''Some motor skills and their relationship to the accuracy of performing the volleyball spike skill for players of the specialized center in Wasit Governorate''
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the relationship between certain motor abilities and the accuracy of the volleyball spike skill performed by players at the specialized center in Wasit . The training phase for these motor abilities is crucial and requires specific exercises to develop them, particularly those related to the accuracy of the volleyball spike. This saves time and effort and serves as an effective teaching method for coaches to achieve optimal results. Based on the researcher's experience in volleyball and his observation of tournaments organized by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, he noted that many coaches do not consider modern methods and techniques in developing motor abilities. This observation formed the core of the research problem, which dictated the appropriate methodology for finding suitable solutions. The researcher employed a descriptive survey approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the study. Among the key findings was a strong correlation between motor abilities and the accuracy of volleyball skill performance, demonstrated by the presence of significant relationships between them. The achievement of high levels in motor abilities (reaction speed, agility, and flexibility) by the players at the specialized volleyball center, coupled with their accurate performance in the spike skill, led to a significant correlation between these abilities and the overall performance.
م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م سجاد اياد هادي الحركاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using the Cosgrove model and its effect on some basic football skills for middle school students
The importance of this research lies in offering a scientific and effective alternative to traditional methods of teaching basic football skills. This is achieved by employing the Cosgrove model, which contributes to improving the skill performance of middle school students. The research aimed to identify the impact of using the Cosgrove model on learning some basic football skills (passing, dribbling, and shooting) among middle school students. The researchers targeted a specific research population consisting of 290 students in grades 4, 5, and 6 at Al-Ithar High School in Al-Rifai district. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling. It consisted of 32 students from the fifth grade (C) class. Four students were initially selected for a pilot study, and two were excluded due to their lack of readiness for physical education classes. This resulted in a final sample of 26 students, representing the experimental group. The sample size constituted 8.96% of the total research population. The researchers concluded that the use of the Kuscroft model significantly improved the basic football skills of middle school students.
م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله
م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر
Copyright (c) 2026 م. د رحيم عبد الواحد خير الله، م.م رونق هادي فيصل عسكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-management and its relationship to job performance efficiency among physical education teachers in the center of Maysan Governorate
This research aims to determine the level of self-management and job performance efficiency among physical education teachers in the center of Maysan Governorate, as well as to reveal the nature of the correlation between the two variables. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem and its goals. The research population consisted of physical education teachers working in schools in the center of Maysan Governorate, while the study sample comprised (90) teachers selected using appropriate methods. The research instruments consisted of a self-management scale and a job performance efficiency scale, each consisting of (30) items according to a five-point Likert scale. Both scales underwent validation and reliability testing to ensure their scientific soundness before being administered to the sample. The results indicated that physical education teachers possessed a high level of self-management and a high level of job performance efficiency, with the mean scores significantly exceeding the hypothetical mean scores. The arithmetic means were significantly higher than the hypothetical means. The results also showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, indicating that developing self-management contributes to enhancing the job performance of physical education teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د مهدي سيد عطية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using virtual reality tools in learning and training floor gymnastics
This research aims to identify the impact of using virtual reality technology on learning and training floor gymnastics skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The importance of this research lies in the rapid development of modern technologies, particularly virtual reality, which has become an effective educational and training tool in the sports field, providing an interactive training environment capable of accurately simulating motor performance. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the study. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (80) students. The researcher used a set of tests to measure the impact of using virtual reality on learning floor gymnastics skills. These tests included an evaluation of the technical performance of the floor movement sequence, a skill acquisition time test, and a mental imagery test. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and paired-samples t-test were calculated. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test, favoring the post-test, across all variables under investigation. This indicates the effectiveness of using virtual reality technology in improving technical performance, reducing the time required to learn skills, and developing students' mental-motor visualization abilities.
أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م اثير حمزة جيجان، أ.م.د حيدر عبد الكاظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of the Supplement (Centrum Energy) Accompanying the Training Programme on Certain Biochemical Variables and Anaerobic Capacity in Advanced Basketball Players
Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of using the Centrum Energy dietary supplement, alongside a training programme, on certain biochemical variables (potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels, as well as vitamins B6 and B12) and anaerobic capacity in advanced basketball players. Methods: The experimental method was adopted. The researchers divided the research sample, which consisted of 16 players from the Al-Mustansiriya University national basketball team, into two groups: Experimental Group One: Received a placebo alongside the training programme. Experimental Group Two: Received the Centrum Energy dietary supplement alongside the training programme. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with pre-tests and post-tests conducted to measure the biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity using the Monarck test. Results: After conducting the pre-tests and post-tests, the data were statistically analysed. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in all biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity in Experimental Group Two, which received the dietary supplement. Experimental Group One showed no statistically significant improvement in the aforementioned variables. Furthermore, the differences between the two groups in the post-test measurements were statistically significant in favour of the second group.
م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم
Copyright (c) 2026 أحمد العامري، م.م فاطمة عبد الرضا حاتم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of interdisciplinary and reciprocal training methods in developing physiological responses among fourth-year football students
The current research aims to identify the role of intermingled and reciprocal training methods in developing physiological responses (heart rate, aerobic and anaerobic capacities) among fourth-stage football students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher employed an experimental approach on a sample of (30) students, randomly divided into three equivalent groups (ten students each). The first group applied the reciprocal training method, the second used the intermingled training method, while the third (control) group followed the traditional curriculum. The training program lasted for (4) weeks, consisting of (12) training sessions. Statistical results, following physiological tests (Foster test, vertical jump, and running in place), showed a significant improvement in the two experimental groups compared to the control group, with a clear statistical preference for the intermingled training method in enhancing overall functional efficiency. The study concluded that the organized diversification of physical loads within a single session accelerates physiological adaptation processes. It recommended the necessity of adopting the intermingled training method within educational and training curricula and updating the football course content to keep pace with modern methods for developing functional systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م رسل سلام جابر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of blended learning on learning some basic football skills
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the blended learning approach on learning some basic football skills among middle school students. The experimental method was used with a pre-test and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of (50) middle school students, who were randomly divided into two groups of (25) students each. The experimental group was taught using a blended learning program, while the control group was taught using the traditional teaching method in physical education classes.The educational program was applied for eight weeks, with two instructional units per week, each lasting (45) minutes. Several skill tests were used to assess the level of learning of basic football skills, including ball control, short passing, dribbling, and shooting at goal. The collected data were statistically analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests.The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for both groups in favor of the post-test, as well as significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in all post-test skill variables. The study concluded that the blended learning approach is an effective teaching method for improving the learning of basic football skills among middle school students.
م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع
م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه
Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. احمد كاظم كاطع، م. د. مصطفى عبد الكريم مهنه https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Blended Learning Strategy on Improving Technical Performance in Discus Throw for Female Students during Physical Education Lessons
Abstract The study aimed to identify the impact of the blended learning strategy on improving the technical performance of the discus throw for female students. The experimental method, with a two-group design (experimental and control), was employed due to its suitability for the research objectives. The study sample consisted of a group of female students, where the experimental group followed an educational program that integrated on-field practical instruction with interactive electronic media (analytical videos and learning platforms), while the control group continued with the traditional method. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in the level of mastery of the technical stages of the discus throw (from the ready position to the release). The researchers concluded that blended learning contributed to providing continuous visual feedback, which helped the students overcome common technical errors and develop the required motor coordination.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م عذراء حسين شاعل، م. حسين علك فليح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Anaerobic Exercises Using Different Game Situations on Some Complex Physical Abilities of Junior Handball Players
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of anaerobic exercises using different game situations on some complex physical abilities of junior handball players. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) junior handball players who were randomly divided into two equal groups, with (12) players in each group. The experimental group applied an anaerobic training program using small-sided game situations, while the control group continued with the regular training program followed by the coach. The training program lasted for (8) weeks with (3) training units per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the tests of complex physical abilities and the effectiveness of offensive performance. The researcher concluded that the use of anaerobic exercises through different game situations is an effective method for developing physical and offensive skill performance among junior handball players.
مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله
Copyright (c) 2025 مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motor performance anxiety and its relationship to shooting accuracy from high jumps among Al-Rumaytha handball club's junior players
The present study aimed to identify the relationship between motor performance anxiety and the accuracy of jump shooting among junior players of Al-Rumaitha Handball Club during the sports season (2024–2025). The importance of this study lies in highlighting the role of psychological factors, particularly anxiety, in influencing the performance of fundamental skills in handball. Psychological readiness is considered an essential component alongside physical, technical, and tactical preparation, especially for junior players who are more susceptible to emotional and psychological pressures during competitions. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey and correlational method, as it is suitable for identifying relationships between variables without manipulating them. The study sample consisted of (20) junior players from Al-Rumaitha Handball Club, who were selected intentionally to represent the research population. The players were relatively homogeneous in terms of training background and competitive experience, which helped ensure consistency in the results. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used two main tools: a jump shooting accuracy test and a motor performance anxiety questionnaire consisting of (26) items. The shooting accuracy test was designed to measure the players’ ability to perform jump shots accurately toward specified target areas in the goal. Meanwhile, the anxiety questionnaire was administered to assess the level of motor performance anxiety experienced by the players prior to competition. The data collected were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient.The results revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between motor performance anxiety and jump shooting accuracy. The findings indicated that players with higher levels of anxiety demonstrated lower shooting accuracy, whereas players with lower anxiety levels achieved better performance in jump shooting. These results confirm that psychological factors, particularly anxiety, play an important role in determining the level of skill performance among junior handball players. The study concluded that reducing motor performance anxiety can contribute to improving the accuracy of jump shooting and overall performance in handball. Therefore.
عمار جميل عبد الحسين عمار جميل عبد الحسين
Copyright (c) 2026 عمار جميل عبد الحسين، مجتبى سلمان عليوي جار الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Motor Educational Based on the Stevens Model on Improving Agility, Balance, and the Skill of Heading the Ball in Football among Students
This study aims to investigate the effect of motor educational exercises based on the Stevens model on improving agility, balance, and the skill of heading the ball in football among students. The research problem emerged from field observations showing students’ weakness in some motor abilities, in addition to a clear deficiency in mastering the skill of heading the ball in football. This highlighted the need to employ a modern educational model to address this deficiency. The researchers adopted the experimental method using the equivalent groups design. The study population consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year 2020. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling from two classes, after excluding a number of students for irregular attendance. The researchers concluded that employing motor educational exercises according to the Stevens model is effective in developing motor abilities, improving agility and balance, and enhancing the learning of the skill of heading the ball in football among students. Consequently, it is recommended to adopt the Stevens model in football teaching methods within the curricula of colleges of physical education and sport sciences .
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د علي محسن ديري، ا.م.د علي حميد جبيل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of use of exercises accompanied by the accompanied by the electrical treatment and water baths to qualify forcending roughness of women's aggression (40-45 years) LED
Extractor Health and water treatment Tea tightening the modern flag in the reservoir to the use of maji treatment from hot and cold bathrooms For her positive impact on his healing in the various injury, as well as his psychological psychological and water rewind of the water on the muscles and joints without negative impact on them The detonated one of the joint joint in the body is exposed to several injuries with the age of the age as a result of the daily business and the permanent detailed movement It is the detailed distinction features that he works on the body's body and its loss like walking, ring, sitting, standing and notice of the detailed or the extent of the faith will lead to the morality of the movement The Lakestock Stage is a warning to start the bug in the separatist, and the beginning of the cartilage and when they are exacerbated to the sophistications difficult to treat in the late checks. When seeing some infected situations in therapeutic centers, the researcher found that the use of therapeutic means or electricity, and the use of the water show in the therapeutic center by the women's researchers Where the demographic design of the group has used the administered and armed measurements for its eyes (7) the ages between the ages (40-45) and the reason for the essence of physiological changes this age Research has reached the electricity of electricity and operation with the use of the conduct of tract exercises and exercises at three times as a weekly tournament and exercise and a debate in the bathrooms And you are to improve the motor levels, muscle force and muscles associated with the knee separator.
ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد
ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين
أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د بيداء رزاق جواد، ا.م.د علي مسير ياسين، أ.م.د إسماعيل سليم عبد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Special Exercises Combined with NMES Electrical Stimulation on the Development of Physical Abilities and Selected Physiological Variables in Fencers
Physical training constitutes the foundation of the coaching process through its various methods, owing to its effectiveness in developing specific muscle groups that can be targeted and isolated, particularly in individual sports. This is especially crucial given the significant exertion athletes endure and the full duration of matches or bouts, which amplifies the physical strain placed upon them. The research problem was identified through the researcher's observation of several clubs in Wasit Governorate, collaboration with coaching staffs, and analysis of matches held within the governorate. It was noted that training programs are largely confined to rehabilitation protocols or the use of physiotherapy modalities, leading to numerous issues for fencers, including injuries, fatigue, and significant joint restrictions. Furthermore, a deficiency in general physical fitness components was observed, compounded by pain experienced by athletes during training or competitions. This weakness may also stem from a lack of focus in the exercises administered within the training units provided by the coaching staff. Therefore, this study aimed to develop therapeutic rehabilitation programs incorporating modern training modalities, such as electrical stimulation, and to observe their impact on the physical and functional efficiency of fencers. The research aimed to investigate the effect of exercises combined with (therapeutic) electrical stimulation and selected therapeutic modalities on: the physical variables of fencers, and the physiological variables of fencers. One of the most prominent findings was the effectiveness of exercises combined with NMES electrical stimulation in developing physical abilities and selected physiological variables in fencers.
م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م عطا الله سيف عطالله ظاهر السعدون https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of physical education teachers in spreading environmental awareness among middle school students
The study aimed to assess how effectively physical education (PE) teachers contribute to fostering environmental awareness among intermediate school students. The research focuses on evaluating their influence in shaping positive environmental attitudes and identifying strengths and weaknesses in their role, with the goal of improving their contribution to sustainable environmental education. A descriptive survey method was used, which is appropriate for observing educational phenomena. The study was conducted in the city center of Al-Kut during the academic year 2024–2025. The target population included 400 students, from which a purposive sample of 104 students (26%) was selected. Data was collected using a 16-item closed-ended questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree). The tool’s validity was ensured through expert review and construct validity, while reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method, The study found that PE teachers demonstrated varying levels of environmental awareness. It also concluded that physical education lessons require a specialized curriculum to integrate environmental awareness effectively into sports activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م حسن عليوي عباس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study of skill performance during practical lectures and the semester skill achievement test for some offensive handball skills among second-year students
The research problem was determined by the impact of skill performance on many psychological pressures that impose their negative effects on the physical education student and thus affect his performance in the practical exams. The question here is: Is there a difference in performance in lectures than in the practical exam?،The aim of this study to compare skill performance during lecture and during practical exams in some offensive skills in handball.The researchers assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the student's grade during the lecture and the student's grade during the practical exam.The researchers used the descriptive method on a sample of 15 students who were chosen randomly. As for the research population, it consisted of students in the second stage of the study who were chosen intentionally because this stage of study teaches the basic skills of handball according to the prescribed curriculum.The researchers concluded the result of the study that the skill performance in the practical lectures was better than the performance in the practical exams due to the psychological pressure and anxiety accompanying the student during the practical exam.The researchers recommend relieving the pressure on students during exams by giving more than one attempt to perform, as well as giving the student the opportunity to perform a complete warm-up.
م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م نورا عبد الرزاق جمال https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Specific Exercises on Developing Coordinative Ability and Learning the Skills of Setting and Serving in Volleyball
The present study aimed to design specific exercises to develop the coordinative ability of volleyball players and to identify the effect of these exercises on developing coordinative ability. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, for the academic year (2025–2026). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with (12) students in each group. Specific exercises were employed to develop coordinative ability and to facilitate learning the skills of setting and serving in volleyball. Equivalence and homogeneity were established among the research sample members before conducting the experiment.An instructional program related to the educational content was prepared and implemented over a period of (8) weeks. The duration of each instructional unit was (90) minutes throughout the experimental period. The experimental program commenced on Monday, 16/10/2024. After completing the prescribed instructional curriculum, the post-test was administered. For statistical analysis, the researcher utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS(
ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د عامر راشد شيال الزبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Vibration Training on Pain Reduction and Functional Efficiency in Football Players with Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among football players and represents a major challenge to athletic performance and functional efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a vibration training–based rehabilitation program on pain reduction and functional efficiency improvement in football players suffering from non-specific low back pain. A pre–post experimental design was employed involving a single experimental group. The study sample consisted of twelve male football players diagnosed with non-specific low back pain, purposefully selected from a specialized rehabilitation center. Participants underwent a six-week rehabilitation program based on whole-body vibration training, with three sessions per week. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), lumbar spine flexibility measured by the Schober test, back muscle strength assessed using a dynamometer, and dynamic balance evaluated by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity following the intervention (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in all functional efficiency indicators, including lumbar flexibility, back muscle strength, and dynamic balance for both lower limbs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that vibration training effectively enhances neuromuscular activation, spinal stability, and functional performance while alleviating pain symptoms. In conclusion, vibration training represents an effective and safe rehabilitation modality for reducing pain and improving functional efficiency in football players with non-specific low back pain. Incorporating vibration-based exercises into rehabilitation and preventive programs may facilitate a faster and safer return to sport while reducing the risk of recurrent low back injuries.
ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د بشار بنوان حسن، م.د نداء فليح حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0